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Zambian Police History, Challenges and Strength Exposed
ZAMBIA POLICE HISTORY
The Zambia Police Force in its current form has a very rich background. It is important to note that once upon a time, the responsibility of maintaining law and order was shouldered on the Northern Rhodesia Police Force from which the Northern Rhodesia Regiment, now the Zambia Army, originated.
The evolution of the Zambia Police Force is associated with the expansion of economic interests to the land north of the Zambezi river by the British South African Company(BSA), a privately owned enterprise which had its headquarters in South Africa. The main economic interest of BSA was to acquire mining rights in Northern Rhodesia and the first contact was with the Paramount Chief of Barotseland.
Chief Executive Officer of BSA, Cecil Rhodes sent an officer from Bechuanaland Police by the name of Lochner to negotiate a concession with authorities of Barotseland.The BSA Company was granted a charter in 1811 to expand its activities over the territory north of the Zambezi river. During this period, there was growing influence of German expansion from Tanganyika and the threat of slave trading by the Arabs in the north. This prompted Cecil Rhodes to expand the influence of the BSA in the land north of the Zambezi River. Northern Rhodesia was divided into two regions, the North Eastern Rhodesia and Northwestern Rhodesia. In order to accomplish the business mandate, the BSA organised armed forces comprising officers seconded from British regiment which was based in South Africa and Southern Rhodesia.
The evolution of the Zambia Police is associated with the events that took place in the divided areas of North-Eastern Rhodesia and North-Western Rhodesia.
The BSA Company penetrated the northern frontier of Northern Rhodesia from Blantyre, Nyasaland and the main aim of occupying the area was to halt German influence from Tanganyika and to fight slave trading by the Arabs. Before the BSA Company moved into the territory, the Imperial Commissioner of Nyasaland, Mr. H H Johnson was appointed as administrator of the Company and during this period, the Indian Police Force was raised and equipped.
An agreement was made in 1894 between the BSA and Her majesty, the Queen permitting the company to take over the administration of North-Eastern Rhodesia from the Imperial Commissioner. The BSA Company recruited its own Police Force and in 1900, the North-Eastern Order Council was passed which provided for the formation of the Police Force. The Police Force was formed and it became known as the North-Eastern Constabulary. By 1902, the number of Police officers rose to 385 and Police Station were opened in Mkushi, Kapopo, Muyanga and Feira.The Headquarters of North-Eastern Constabulary was at Fort Jameson now Chipata.
The main duty was to maintain law and order in North-Eastern Rhodesia. The Force was semi military as officers underwent training in musketry and were issued with rifles. As a rule, Police officers were not allowed to carry weapons when performing duties. The Police officers responsibility was to maintain law and order, carry out guard duties and escorting caravans.
A no man’s land between the two territories existed and each part had its own admistration. Lochner, an officer from Bechuanaland Police Force was sent by Rhodes to conclude the agreement and when authority was granted by Lewanika to expand its economic interests, the BSA company realised the need to institute a Police Force to accomplish the mission. The Police Force was constituted and it comprised European volunteers from Southern Rhodesia. The BSA title was relinquished and the company name became British South African Police.
The area of jurisdiction of the Force included Kafue Flats and the first Police Post was established at Fort Monze, the second one was opened at Kaleya in Mazabuka. It was from these posts that police patrols of the BSA Police Force were conducted around Kafue Flats and Batoka Plateau. Police Stations were also established in Kazungula, Sesheke and Kalomo.These areas were not suitable due to threats of disease like malaria. Kalomo was identified to be ideal and was made the headquarters of North western Rhodesia Police Force. The need arose to incorporate a body of native Police officers in the Force.
Authority was granted through the proclamation of 1899 to establish the Barotse Native Police. By 1902, there were five districts each supervised by the District Commissioner and each constituted a detachment of Barotse Native Police. The areas included Monze, Nkala, Kasempa, Lealui and Victoria falls.
The Northwestern Rhodesia Police Force and Northeastern Rhodesia Constabulary were amalgamated in 1911 to form the Northern Rhodesia Police Force with its headquarters in Livingstone. The first commandant of the police force was major F.A Hodson and the organization was a military one. A limited number of about 12 Europeans were recruited to perform civil police functions. These were deployed along the line of rail and performed duties in towns and districts while the bulk of the force was called military company.
When the First World War broke out in1914, the military branch of Northern Rhodesia Police Force was declared active. The military branch fought in areas outside the limits of the country while the civil police performed duties in the towns and districts. In 1924, through an ordinance, a Police Force which was purely civil in form, character and organisation was formed as part of reorganisation. Its functions and areas of jurisdiction were clearly re-defined by the Northern Rhodesia Ordinance. The Force had also the military branch where an entrant was required to serve at least three years before being transferred to Police duties. During this time, the British Crown took over the administration of Northern Rhodesia from the British South African Company.
In 1927, a training depot was opened at Livingstone for the Civil Police. In July, 1928, a further re-organisation took place. The Officer Commanding Town and District Police was re-designated as Commissioner of Police. Military ranks of sergeant-major 1st, 2nd and 3rd class and Sergeants, were re-designated as Inspector and Assistant Inspectors. By 1932, the civil branch of the force had grown larger than the military one and it was decided to form separate units. As a temporal measure, they were given the titles of Northern Rhodesia civil Police and Northern Rhodesia military Police but later in the same year, the civil title was dropped from the former and the following year, the latter became the Northern Rhodesia Regiment which later evolved to what is known as the Zambia Army.
On the Copperbelt, mine towns, the slowness of the mining companies promoting Africans sparked off violent strikes in 1955. Armed police were used to quell the strikes with many casualties on the civilian side. Police functions were further compounded by activities of the African nationalist movements led by Keneth Kaunda’s UNIP and Harry Nkumbula’s ANC party which agitated for the end of colonial rule in Northern Rhodesia. At the same time, an uprising was looming in the north of the country where a religious movement known as the Lumpa, led by Alice Lenshina intended to break away from the country. This led to the creation of a wing of the police called the Mobile Unit in 1949. The unit acted as a striking force in disturbed areas.
The years leading to the territory’s independence were most difficult in the history of the Police. For example, in 1961, UNIP launched an extensive civil disobedience against the Colonial Government called ChaChaCha that spearheaded activities especially in the Northern, Luapula and Copperbelt provinces. Inspite UNIP’s leader’s insistence on using peaceful means to end white-minority rule in Northern Rhodesia, violence was extensively used by Kaunda’s followers. Bridges and Government buildings such as schools and courts were burnt, roads and vehicles were damaged.
In October 1964, when the territory gained its political independence, UNIP became the ruling party.
In the immediate post-independence era, Zambia faced numerous challenges in policing the nation because of the transition from the British colonialists who had dominated the top positions in the police force.
Although there was a crop of officers that had advanced their education, most of them had a humble educational background as they merely attained the seventh grade and were mostly kept at lower levels in terms of ranks.
A year after Zambia’s independence, Michael Mataka was the first indigenous police officer to be at the helm of the police force as commissioner.
Creation of paramilitary police
The unsettled conditions which existed in some neighbouring countries where civil wars had broken out placed a heavy strain on the officers who were required to police borders.
The southern border was the most fragile because of the military invasions which the Rhodesia army constantly carried as they believed that the rebels who were fighting the white minority in Southern Rhodesia were harboured in Zambia.
As a result of this insecurity in border areas, Government introduced a Police Paramilitary Unit in 1966 which acted as a striking force against disturbances and disorders of a military nature. The paramilitary unit was placed under the command of the Inspector General of Police.
The flying squad
In the same year, a new wave of crime involving armed robbers hit Copperbelt towns, threatening not only human life but also mine operations. During this period, national daily newspapers carried a lot of stories on robberies that had rocked the province. The police, who at the time did not think of crime prevention as a priority, had difficulties in responding to the new trends of crime.
In trying to find a solution to this emerging scenario, the police in 1969 established a special investigation task force called the “Flying Squad.”
The introduction of this unit saw a reduction in the spate of violent crimes which had rocked the country.
In 1970, Mr Mataka was retired on medical grounds. He was succeeded by Fabiano Chela as Commissioner of Police.
During Mr. Chela’s reign, the office of Commissioner was in 1973 upgraded to that of Inspector General of Police. In 1981, President Kenneth Kaunda appointed Mr. Chela as Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs while still holding the position of Inspector General of Police.
Between 1978 and 1979, Mr. Chela was sent to Egypt to serve as Zambia’s ambassador. Chrispin Katukula was appointed Inspector General of Police. Mr. Katukula did not last in this position as Mr. Chela was recalled in 1979.
In 1983, Mr. Chela was promoted to full minister and transferred to head the Ministry of Water Affairs.
Hebert Mapili, who was Commissioner of Police in charge of special duties, succeeded him as Inspector General of Police.
Mr. Mapili was succeeded by Henry Mtonga in 1985. It was during this period that Mr Mtonga was appointed a Member of the Central Committee (MCC). This led to M. Mtonga establishing the office of political consultant based at Force Headquarters to specifically deal with political matters.
A senior assistant commissioner was appointed to head this newly created department.
In 1986, Government introduced vigilantee officers after amending the Police Act through the Zambia Police (Amendment) Act number 23 of 1985.
These vigilantees worked during their spare time as volunteers foreseeing preservation of peace in their respective communities.
In 1989, Mr. Mtonga was retired and replaced by Joshua Konayuma, who only lasted until1990 and was succeeded by Zunga Siakalima.
The opposition Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD) under the leadership of Frederick Chiluba took over government in 1991 and Mr. Siakalima was subsequently retired.
Darius Kalebo, who had attained fame for fighting armed robbers on the Copperbelt, was then appointed Inspector General of Police. During Mr Kalebo’s reign, in August 1992, the then Minister of Home Affairs Newstead Zimba authorised police to ‘shoot on sight’ those thought by police to be armed robbers.
By February 1993, the minister re-affirmed his support for the ‘shoot to kill’ policy on armed bandits. This led to about 13 people being fatally shot in 1993 alone in circumstances that suggested excessive force was used. Reports of police brutality continued to feature while crime levels, especially violent crimes, on the other hand increased. By 1994, police reportedly shot dead 30 suspected criminals. This led to the retirement of Mr. Kalebo and his deputy Hobson Simasiku.
Government, due to increase in police abuse and growing discontent on police operations, introduced the Zambia Police Reform Programme, which saw transformation of police from a military organisation to a more civil one.
To lead the process of transformation, Francis Ndlovu was appointed Inspector General of Police. In 1995, Mr. Ndlovu launched the Police Reform Programme and formulated a mission statement in which the police pledged to respect individual freedoms and rights and to facilitate democratic governance through community involvement. This reformation programme received full government support. Its implementation aimed at changing the face of the police from a brutal institution to a humane and accountable one. The reform programme was later translated into “Zambia Police Leadership and the Reforms”. The police also adopted the community policing model as a method of safeguarding communities and neighbourhoods. This model emphasised close partnership between the police and the public through identification of policing problems with a view to finding solutions together.
This was also to provide checks on police abuses through a five-year Strategic Development Plan of 1995 – 2000. This saw the introduction of an independent Police Complaints Authority to hear police abuses. In a bid to eliminate the old military policing system, the word ‘Force’ was replaced by ‘Service’ ,which saw the police adopt the name Zambia Police Service.
Under this new concept, the police introduced structures which offered hope as they had direct impact on police public relations. These concepts included, the Victim Support Unit (VSU) in which selected officers were given special training aimed at assisting vulnerable victims of crime such as children, women and the elderly. By the end of 1998, all major police stations in Zambia had established the VSU.
The police service also established another structure called Chaplaincy to be headed by an ordained clergy whose responsibility was to offer religious counselling services to police officers and their families.
The Schools Liaison Unit was also created to conduct educational programmes for children in schools.
The police training syllabus introduced, for the first time, the teaching of human rights to police recruits. This also saw the introduction of police identity tags for all police officers so that erring officers could easily be identified and reported to authorities.
In April 1998, the minister of Home Affairs organised a National Crime Conference at which recommendations were made to improve training of police officers, especially on human rights issues.
Courtesy of History and Reformation of Zambia Police: Lusaka: Unza Press
Benedict Tembo – Zambia Daily Mail
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The South-East region of Nigeria, rich in tradition and cultural heritage, is home to several enigmatic native doctors who are revered and feared in equal measure. Known for their mastery of mystical arts, these individuals wield great influence in their communities. Their practices often transcend the ordinary, with stories of their exploits etched into the folklore of the region. Here are five deadly native doctors in the South-East of Nigeria, renowned for their spiritual prowess and feared for their perceived lethal abilities.
- Okija Shrine’s Custodians (Anambra State)
The custodians of the infamous Okija Shrine have long been regarded as some of the most powerful spiritualists in the South-East. The shrine is reputed for its role in settling disputes, enforcing oaths, and punishing perceived offenders. Many believe the shrine’s native doctors possess the ability to summon spiritual forces to deliver instant justice, often with fatal consequences. Their rituals, steeped in secrecy, have garnered them a reputation that extends beyond Nigeria.
- Oke-mmiri Oracles (Imo State)
In Imo State, the Oke-mmiri oracles are revered for their supernatural capabilities. Their native doctors are rumored to command water spirits (marine forces) to perform extraordinary acts. They are often sought after for protection, wealth, and revenge. However, their deadly reputation stems from the alleged consequences of breaking covenants made with them, which some claim can result in mysterious deaths or unexplainable tragedies.
- Ezugu of Udi Hills (Enugu State)
Ezugu, a legendary native doctor from the Udi Hills of Enugu State, is often described as a man of immense spiritual power. Known for crafting potent charms and talismans, Ezugu is said to be able to manipulate natural forces to achieve his aims. His notoriety comes from his alleged involvement in high-profile spiritual battles and his purported ability to eliminate enemies without physical confrontation.
- Ezemmuo of Umuoji (Anambra State)
Ezemmuo, meaning “King of Spirits,” is a title given to a renowned native doctor in Umuoji, Anambra State. Stories of his spiritual exploits range from curing terminal illnesses to invoking deadly spiritual entities to fight battles on behalf of his clients. His services are not without consequences, as failure to fulfill agreements made with him is said to invite dire spiritual retribution.
- The Aro Priesthood (Abia State)
The Aro priests of Abia State, historically linked to the Aro Confederacy, remain one of the most enigmatic spiritual entities in the South-East. Known for their involvement in the region’s traditional practices and power dynamics, these native doctors are said to possess ancient knowledge that can be used for both healing and destruction. Their deadly reputation comes from their alleged ability to manipulate life and death through their spiritual practices.
While these native doctors are celebrated for their spiritual prowess, their reputations often tread a fine line between reverence and fear. For some, they are protectors and healers, while for others, they symbolize a potent source of danger. Top Secret!! See What You Should Do To Earn Instant Profits In Your Business
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Regrowing hair on a bald spot is often possible. You may need to try more than one type of treatment to get the results you want. Be patient and consider all your options as you approach this very common concern.
Hair loss is a common development for people of all genders. But a bald spot can still trigger feelings of embarrassment and frustration while also affecting your self-confidence.
Causes of hair loss can vary widely, including:
stress
certain hair care practices
medical conditions that are inherited or are related to the body’s immune system
hormone levels
skin health
cancer treatment
In many cases, treatments are available to help regrow hair on a bald spot or thicken hair growth where thinning has occurred. But it’s important to rely on proven treatment methods, and to be wary of products and treatments that make big promises with little scientific data to support them.
Sometimes, simple home remedies can produce good results, but you may need over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription medications to regrow hair if home treatments aren’t working for you.
If these approaches aren’t effective, medical or surgical procedures may be necessary. Read on to learn more about what causes a bald spot, how to treat it yourself, and when you may need medical treatment.
What are some natural treatments for a bald spot?
Natural hair growth methods typically focus on improving circulation in the scalp or promoting hair follicle health and restoring hair quality.
Many products associated with hair growth are found in the home and are often used for other purposes. Here are some options:
Rosemary oil
Rosemary oil has anti-inflammatory properties and helps improve circulation, so it may have propertiesTrusted Source for treating hair loss.
Rub a small amount gently on your bald spot each night or consider using natural shampoo containing rosemary oil.
Peppermint oil
Peppermint oilTrusted Source is used to treat headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and other illnesses. According to a 2024 review of studies, it showed promise in treating some types of hair loss in mice, but little to no research has been done on people.
It’s considered safe to use topically in low doses. Rub some peppermint oil into your scalp with your fingers or use shampoo with peppermint oil.
Aloe vera
Aloe vera is usually thought of as a skin treatment for wound healing and burn relief.
A few older studies, such as one published in the Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research notes that aloe vera’s anti-inflammatory properties and many enzymes, minerals, and other healthy ingredients may make it an effective hair growth treatment.
It’s considered safe to use not the scalp, but no direct benefits for hair growth have been confirmed to date.
To use it, massage it into your scalp before shampooing your hair. Try mixing it with wheat germ oil and coconut milk.
Massage
Requiring no products, a vigorous scalp massage is one of the simplest ways to help boost circulation in the scalp and stretch hair follicle cells to promote thicker hair growth. However, there is no research suggesting that a massage will increase hair growth.
To try it, firmly (but gently) press your fingers against your scalp and rub them across your scalp for at least 5 minutes.
Tips to Naturally Regrow Your Hair
View video transcript
What are some over-the-counter treatments for bald spots?
There’s no shortage of OTC products promising to reverse hair loss, or at least slow it down. Some are more established and well regarded than others.
Here are some trustworthy OTC treatments for bald spots:
Minoxidil
One of the most widely used and proven treatments is minoxidil (Rogaine and various generic products).
It’s available in liquid, foam, or shampoo options. Stronger forms of minoxidil are also available by prescription.
Minoxidil may cause side effects like skin irritation or unwanted hair growth on skin near the scalp. If minoxidil does restore hair growth, it must be used regularly or its effects will start to wear off.
Collagen-based products
Collagen, a protein found in the skin and elsewhere in the body, is also associated with hair growth and thickening hair that has started thinning due to androgenetic alopecia (male and female pattern hair loss).
Look for shampoos, conditioners, ointments, or serums that contain collagen. Try using them when you bathe or rub them into your scalp. It’s also available in an injectable form.
Collagen-based supplements may also help, but there’s little to no evidence that these work for hair growth.
Vitamin supplements
Certain vitamins and minerals are associated with hair growth, including:
vitamin A
B-vitamins, including biotin, which is the key ingredient in many hair-growth treatments
vitamin C
vitamin D
vitamin E
iron
zinc
Taking high doses of any supplement may put you at risk for complications.
Discuss your concerns with a doctor before starting any new supplements, as these are not closely monitored by the FDA and may contain ingredients not listed on the label or higher amounts of active ingredients.
What are the medical treatments for a bald spot?
Before recommending a medication or procedure to treat your bald spot, your doctor will try to diagnose any underlying condition that may be causing the problem. This may include a:
review of your medical history, including current symptoms
physical examination focusing on the nature of your hair loss
“pull test,” where you pull a few hairs to see how many come out and how easily
blood test to look for underlying conditions
scalp biopsy, which is the removal of a few scalp cells or hairs to examine in a lab for clues to an infection or other cause of hair loss
Once your doctor knows what may be causing your bald spot, they may recommend one or more of the common prescription medications for hair loss.
Finasteride
One of the most widely prescribed hair growth drugs is finasteride (Propecia). It can be used by everyone, but if you’re pregnant, you shouldn’t use finasteride because of concernsTrusted Source it may case defects.
Corticosteroids
Prescription-strength corticosteroids in liquid form can be applied directly to the scalp. This is often an effective treatment for children affected by a type of hair loss called alopecia areata.
Corticosteroid injections into areas of patchy hair loss on the scalp revive hair growth within several weeks in people with alopecia areata.
Anthralin
Anthralin (Dritho-Scalp) is a topical treatment for alopecia areata. When applied to bald spots, it may help stimulate hair growth. A recent studyTrusted Source showed it was effective in children.
Methotrexate
If other treatments don’t work, your doctor may prescribe this powerful medication.
It’s also used sometimes with a corticosteroid. But methotrexate also carries some serious potential side effects, so follow your doctor’s directions carefully.
What are surgical treatments for bald spots?
Surgery should be considered a last resort if other, less-invasive means don’t work.
The most common form of hair restoration surgery — transplanting follicles from elsewhere on the head — doesn’t always work. And transplanted hair follicles may not continue to produce healthy hair growth for a long time.
Be sure to discuss with your doctor or surgeon what’s realistic to expect from any procedure.
Hair transplant
Hair transplant surgery is a common surgical solution to permanent hair loss.
In this procedure, a doctor removes hair follicles from an area of healthy hair growth (usually the back of the head) and implants them on a part of the scalp experiencing hair loss.
There are two main hair transplant approaches:
Follicular unit transplantation (FUT): In FUT, a surgeon uses a strip of skin with hair follicles from a donor site. Follicles are removed and transplanted.
Follicular unit extraction (FUE): In FUE, a surgeon removes individual hair follicles from the donor site and inserts them into tiny incisions in the recipient site in your scalp.
Laser therapy
Though it hasn’t been widely evaluated, laser therapy has been shown in some studies to reverse pattern hair loss, especially when combined with topical treatments or after a transplant procedure.
The idea is that a low-level laser can stimulate circulation and hair growth in follicles that have stopped producing hair. Results have been inconsistent, however.
What are the possible causes of a bald spot?
The most common causes of bald spots are age-related, while others are the result of treatable medical conditions or behaviors that can be changed to promote healthier hair.
Here are some of the most common causes of a bald spot.
Androgenetic alopecia
Also known as hereditary hair loss because it tends to run in families, androgenetic alopecia (female and male pattern baldness) affects all sexes.
In men, the condition is known to cause hair receding near the temples and top of the forehead, while hair at the crown of the head starts to thin.
In women, it usually starts with a thinning of the hair all over the head.
Alopecia areata
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition where your body’s immune system mistakenly attacks your hair follicles.
Hair tends to fall out in small patches on the head, while the eyebrows, eyelashes, and other parts of the body may also be affected.
People with alopecia areata may be at higher risk for other autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and vitiligo.
Hormonal imbalance
Stopping some types of birth control can lead to a temporary loss or thinning of hair.
People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may also experience a hormonal imbalance that causes hair loss and other complications.
Stress
Mental or physical stress can sometimes cause more hairs than usual to show up in your brush every day.
Usually, normal hair growth returns when the cause of stress eases or you develop different coping mechanisms.
Cancer treatment
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can both lead to hair loss just a few weeks after treatment starts.
Hair often starts to grow back within a month or so of ending treatment. Medications to revive hair growth may help speed up the process.
Wearing a cooling cap before, during, and after treatments may reduce hair loss.
Hair products and styling
Hairstyles that pull back tightly can lead to a bald spot.
Shampoos and other hair-care products containing the following ingredients may also be problematic:
sodium lauryl sulfate and laureth sulfate
sodium chloride
propylene glycol
How can I cope with a bald spot?
A bald spot can be an alarming experience.
Coping with hair loss starts with accepting the situation and then being proactive about addressing it. Part of this comes from remembering that millions of people are going through the same experience.
For more information,consultations inquiries or examinations
SMS /Call /Whatsapp:Dr Mawanda +260767053936
+260779652913
Website: https://doctormawanda.com
